2019 Fashion Trends Low Heel Color Block Buckle Flats

Footwear that raises the heel of the wearer'south pes significantly higher than the toes

High-heeled shoes, also known as high heels or simply heels, are a type of shoe in which the heel is tall or raised, resulting in the heel of the wearer's human foot beingness significantly higher off the basis than the wearer's toes. High heels make the wearer announced taller, serve to accentuate the muscle tone in the legs as well every bit make the wearer's legs appear longer.^[1]

There are many types of high heels, varying in colors, materials, style, and origin. Perhaps the kickoff known pictorial bear witness of high heels comes from 10th-century Persia (Iran) where men wore them in combination with stirrups for equus caballus riding.^[ii] Heels have had significant cultural and stylish meanings attached to them over the past 1,000 years, especially regarding the social construction of gender in the West.^[2] In early on 17th century Europe, high heels were a sign of masculinity and high social status, and at the end of the century, the trend had spread to women's way every bit well.^[3] By the 18th century, high-heeled shoes had bifurcated along gender lines, with men'southward heels beingness either riding or tall leather boots, and women's condign more than like the heels we encounter today.^[3] By the 20th century, narrow loftier heels represented femininity and "erotic capital." Still, a thick high heel was yet acceptable for men in some situations.^[2] Until the 1950s, heels were typically made of wood, but today they tin be made of a diverseness of materials including leather, suede, and plastic.^[four]

Wearing loftier heels is associated with wellness risks such as a greater risk of falls in the elderly,^[5] musculoskeletal pain,^{[half dozen]} the development of foot deformities^{[6] [7]} every bit well as varicose veins.^[8]

History [edit]

Pre-1700s [edit]

European heeled shoes from c. 1690

Loftier heels have a long history, dating as far back as the 10th century. The Persian cavalry wore a kind of boot with heels in lodge to ensure their feet stayed in the stirrups. Farther, heels kept arrow-shooting riders, who stood upward on galloping horses, safely on the equus caballus.^[9] This utility of the heel for horseback riders has been preserved in the cowboy boot. Before the Industrial age, owning horses was an indicator of wealth, as their maintenance is both expensive and time-consuming. Thus, the wearing of heels traditionally implied the wearer had pregnant wealth.^[10] This practical utilise of the heel has ready the standard for most horseback riding shoes throughout history and into the present 24-hour interval. Another notable early wearer of heels was the Pope afterward the Great Schism, who wore cherry-red-heeled shoes equally early every bit the 11th century.^[3] Later, in 12th-century India, a statue from the Ramappa Temple depicts an Indian woman'due south pes clad in a raised shoe. During the Medieval period, both men and women wore platform shoes (the women'south variant existence known as chopines) to raise themselves out of the trash and excrement filled streets.^[11] These heels reached a height of up to xxx inches (76 cm) in 1430. Venetian police afterwards limited the meridian to three inches—but this regulation was widely ignored.^[12] A 17th-century law in Massachusetts announced that women would be subjected to the aforementioned handling as witches if they lured men into marriage via the utilize of high-heeled shoes.^[13]

1700s [edit]

Modern high heels were brought to Europe by Persian emissaries of Abbas the Dandy in the early 17th century.^[ix] Men wore them to imply their upper-class status; simply someone who did not have to work could afford, both financially and practically, to article of clothing such extravagant shoes. Royalty such equally King Louis Xiv wore heels, and his predecessor Male monarch Louis Thirteen introduced the red heel to the court of French dignity.^[3] As the shoes became a fashion trend, and other members of society began donning loftier heels, some aristocracy members ordered their heels to exist fabricated even higher to distinguish themselves from lower classes.^[14] Some government began regulating the length of a high heel'southward bespeak according to social rank: " ane⁄2 inch for commoners, i inch for the bourgeois, i and 1⁄ii inches for knights, 2 inches for nobles, and 2 and i⁄ii inches for princes."^[15] Equally women began to wear heeled shoes in the mid-to-tardily 17th century, societal trends moved to distinguish men's from women'southward heels. By the 18th century, men wore thick heels, while women wore thin ones.^[3] Over the form of the Enlightenment, men'due south heels began to concentrate into either applied riding boots or tall leather boots worn for status.^[3] In the late 1780s, the societal implications of wearing high and thin heels became fixed: loftier, thin heels represented femininity and the supposed superficiality and extravagance of women.^[10]

Typical 18th-century shoe

The design of the high French heels from the late 1600s to effectually the 1720s placed the wearer's torso weight on the brawl of the human foot, and were decorated with lace or braided fabric. From the 1730s to the 1740s, wide heels with an upturned toe and a buckle fastening became popular. The 1750s and 1760s introduced a skinnier, higher heel. The 1790s continued this trend simply saw more experimentation with colour. Additionally, in this period, there was no deviation between the right and left shoes.^[16]

In U.k. in 1770, an act was introduced into the parliament which would have applied the same penalties to the utilize of high heels and other cosmetic devices every bit would have been applied in the case of witchcraft.^[17]

1800s [edit]

Heels went out of fashion starting around 1810, and then in 1860, they surged in popularity, with an average tiptop of nearly two and a half inches. The Pinet heel and the Cromwell heel were both introduced during this fourth dimension.^[18] Their production was besides increased with the invention and eventual mass production of the sewing auto effectually the 1850s. With sewing machines, yields increased every bit machines could speedily and cheaply "position the heel, stitc[h] the upper, and attac[h] the upper to the sole."^[xv]

1900s [edit]

The ii World Wars of the 20th century led to a shortage in materials, resulting in many countries rationing the supply of silk, prophylactic, or leather which were previously used in the making shoes to prioritize their availability for military machine use. Heels began to be replaced with cork and wooden-soled shoes.^[19] Due to the post-war increment in international advice, especially through photography and films, the Western fashion of women'south high heels began to spread globally.^[15] In the early mail-war period, brown and white pumps with cutouts or ankle straps combined with an open toe were some of the most fashionable women's heels.^[19] High heeled shoes began to also symbolize professionalism for many women in the West, while leather and rubber thick-heeled boots for men came to be associated with Militarism and masculinity.

The era surrounding World War II saw the popularization of pivot-upward girl posters, the women in which were virtually always pictured wearing high heels. In the minds of many men at war, and, later, in American society at large, this led to an increase in the strength of the relationship between high heels and female sexuality.^[10] The tall, skinny stiletto heel was invented in 1950, and quickly became an emblem of female sexuality.^[xvi] In that location was a weakening of the stiletto style during the tardily 1960s through the early 1970s and 1990s when cake heels were more than prominent, followed by a revival in the 2000s.

• 

  1920 Us Marine Corps shoe, with loftier heel, showing position of foot basic (vertical black marks on the x-ray are nails used to hold the sole and heel on)

• 

  Aforementioned shoe from in a higher place, showing pointed toe box also narrow for the toes, and hallux valgus deformity. The loftier heel shifts weight forwards, putting additional pressure on the sides of the toes

21st century [edit]

In the Western world, loftier heeled shoes exist in two highly gendered and parallel tracks: highly fashionable and variable women'southward shoes with sparse long heels, and applied, relatively uniform men'southward shoes in a riding boot style, with thick, relatively short heels.^[eleven] Heels are often described as a sexual practice symbol for women, and magazines like Playboy, too as other media sources that primarily portray women in a sexual way, often practice then using high heels. Paul Morris, a psychology researcher at the Academy of Portsmouth, argues that loftier heels accentuate "sex-specific aspects of female person gait," artificially increasing a woman's femininity.^[11] Likewise, many see the arching of a woman'due south back facilitated by wearing high heels equally an imitation of a signal of a woman's willingness to exist courted by a human being.^{[20] [21]} Despite the sexual connotations, heels are considered both fashionable and professional clothes for women in most cases, the latter especially if accompanied past a pants suit. Some researchers debate that loftier heels have become role of the female workplace uniform and operate in a much larger and complex set of display rules.^[eleven] High heels are considered to pose a dilemma to women as they bring them psychosexual benefits but are detrimental to their health.^{[ original research? ] [22]} The 21st century has introduced a broad spectrum and variety of styles, ranging from peak and width of heel, to pattern and colour of the shoe.

Types [edit]

• Stacked heel – usually layers of leather five mm thick stacked together and trimmed to friction match the shape of the heel.^[1] These are commonly known as block heels.
• Continental heel – 7.5 mm, with the upper part of the chest of the heel spreading towards the middle of the shoe.^[1]
• Setback heel – similar to the continental heel, but the surface of the dorsum of the heel is straight, forming a right angle.^[one]
• Cuban heel – similar to the continental heel, but not curved, generally medium acme^[1]
• Pantaloon heel – "similar to pantaloon pants: the top lift part of the heel is spread out as information technology extends to the bottom part of the heel, and the waistline of the heel curves inward naturally."^[i]
• Angle heel – "the surface of the base of operations of the heel is straight until reaching the waistline, and information technology looks similar the shape of the Korean letter ¬"^[one]
• Pinet heel – directly and skinny^[18]
• Cromwell shoe – based on Oliver Cromwell with heel up to 170 mm (6.five in).^[18]
• Bar way – had jewelry or other decorative aspects; associated with flapper culture.^[18]
• New Expect in 1947 – a slim, elegant heel, newly created past putting steel in the heel. This enabled the heel to be skinny without snapping.^[eighteen]
• Annabelle – 7-cm platform heel^[8]
• Stiletto – tall, skinny heel; first mentioned in a newspaper in September 1953.^[18] The term meaning 'knife', 'blade,' or 'dagger' in Italian.^[23]
• Wedges – popularized by Salvatore Ferragamo, who introduced this in the Italian marketplace in the belatedly 1930s.
• Platform shoe - heel with big platform, or thicker sole, where the ball of the human foot sits. ^[24]

Materials [edit]

High heels accept been made from a wide diversity of materials throughout history. In the early years, leather and cowhide were preferred. Afterward, silk and patent leather were introduced. At the same time, cork and wood were utilized as cheap resources in times of war.^[19] After the World Wars, and the increase in production of steel, the actual heel was oft a piece of steel wrapped in some material. This enabled designers to make heels taller and skinnier without them snapping.^[25] The soles below the ball of the foot of Ballroom shoes can also be fabricated of materials similar smoothen leather, suede, or plastic.^[26]

Health impacts [edit]

Injury and hurting [edit]

Wearing high-heeled shoes is strongly associated with injury, including injury requiring hospital care. There is testify that high-heel-wearers fall more oftentimes, especially with heels higher than 2.five cm,^[vii] fifty-fifty if they were not wearing high heels at the fourth dimension of the fall.^[6] Wearing high heels is also associated with musculoskeletal pain,^{[half dozen]} specifically pain in the paraspinal muscles (muscles running upwards the back along the spine)^{[ citation needed ]} and specifically with heel pain and plantar calluses (only women tested).^[seven]

A 2001 survey conducted by Pennsylvania State Academy using 200 women found that 58% of women complained of lower back pain when wearing heels, and 55% of women said they felt the worst overall back pain when wearing the highest heel.^[27] The same report argues that as heel height increases, the body is forced to accept on an increasingly unnatural posture to maintain its center of gravity. This inverse position places more than pressure level and tension on the lower lumbar spine, which may explain why some of the women complained of severe back hurting at a higher heel length.

In a 1992 study, researchers from the University of California, Davis, and Thomas Jefferson University conducted an investigation on the effects of increased heel height on foot pressure using 40-five female participants walking across a pressure plate in various heel heights.^[28] A Biokinetics software was used to analyze the exact force per unit area locations on and along each participants' foot. The researchers ended that an increment in heel height leads to an increase in pressure beneath each of the Metatarsal bones of the foot. Additionally, they found that the highest heel heights caused constant pressure that could not be evenly dispersed across the foot.

In a 2012 report, Kai-Yu Ho, Mark Blanchette, and Christopher Powers investigated the bear on of heel height on patellofemoral joint stress during walking.^[29] The study consisted of xi participants wearing tracking and reflective markers every bit they walked across a 10-meter forcefulness-plated walkway in low, medium, and high heels. The written report argued that as the height of the heel increased, the ball of the foot experienced an increase in pressure level resulting in increased discomfort levels and peak patellofemoral joint stress. The researchers as well mentioned that the long-term usage of loftier heels may lead to repetitive overstress of the joint, which may consequence in an increase in hurting and, eventually, patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis and Patellofemoral pain syndrome.

In a 2012 written report, researchers examined the long gamble time high heel wearers would have in regards to calf Musculus fascicle length and strain.^[30] The command group consisted of women who wore heels for less than 10 hours weekly and the experimental group consisted of women who wore heels for a minimum of forty hours weekly for at least 2 years. The experimental grouping was told to walk down a walkway barefoot and in heels. In dissimilarity, the control grouping walked barefoot equally cameras recorded their movements to summate musculus fascicle lengths. The data showed that wearing heels shortened the size of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle bundles in the calf significantly as well as increasing stiffness in the Achilles Tendon. The experimental group likewise demonstrated a more significant strain on the muscle fascicles while walking in heels because of the flexed position the human foot is forced into. The researchers estimated that when wearing heels, the estimated fascicle strains were approximately three times college, and the fascicle strain rate was nigh six times higher. Additionally, they ended that the long-term usage of high heels could increase the hazard of injuries such equally strain and discomfort, and muscle fatigue.

• 

  Diagram of an Achilles tendon

Bunions [edit]

High-heeled shoes almost always have pointed toe boxes^[31] which do non fit around the toes, but displace them from their natural position.

Wearing high-heeled shoes is associated with developing bunions, a deformity of the foot.^{[6] [seven]}

Remainder control of the body [edit]

In 2016, scientists from the Department of Physical Therapy in the Sahmyook University in Korea conducted a study to examine increased heel summit and gait velocity on balance control.^[32] In this study, the participants were told to wear either a low or high heel and walk on a treadmill at a low and high speed. As a result of this experiment, the researchers argued that equally heel pinnacle increased, the sway velocity of the bodies increased, which also modified the position of the knee joint, requiring the muscles of the leg to realign the entire torso, especially the hips, forth the line of gravity. Every bit the body's weight shifted forward, the hips were taken out of alignment, and the knee joints experienced stress to adjust to the shift.

Postural effects [edit]

In a 2016 study from the Sahmyook University in Korea, researchers investigated the furnishings of high heels on the activation of muscles in the cervical and lumbar portions of the spine.^[33] Thirteen women were recruited to walk downwardly a walkway in three dissimilar testing conditions: barefoot, in 4 cm heels and in 10 cm heels. Surface electrodes were placed on the musculus mass of the women's spines and their feet to mensurate the electrical activity of muscles at different points of movement. The written report results indicated an increase in both cervical and lumbar musculus activation as heel height increased: the cervical spine, the neck assists in maintaining head stability and postural control in the body. The usage of high heels shifts the body's center of mass, which requires the spine to adjust itself to maintain balance. The researchers mentioned that these results would increase local muscle fatigue over time, which could lead to muscle swelling, decreased muscle movement, and, in extreme cases of overuse, tissue deformation.

Vein swelling [edit]

Some research indicates that a possible outcome of wearing high heels is increasing pressure in one's veins. Experiments suggest that the college the heel, the "higher [the] venous pressure level in the leg." This means that after repeated use of high heels, varicose veins and other undesirable symptoms are much more likely to announced in the legs.^[8] Other research supports that claim that wearing loftier heels can pb to numerous long-term effects, including adventitious trauma to multiple areas of the body.^[11]

Legislation [edit]

In Carmel-by-the-Bounding main, California, heels over ii inches high with less than ane square inch of bearing surface tin be worn only with a allow.^[34]

Information technology has been argued^{[ by whom? ]} that high heels in the workplace should exist subject field to a health and rubber assessment.^[35]

In the UK in 2016 temporary receptionist Nicola Thorp was sent habitation without pay after she refused to follow the dress code of the firm Portico. Thorp launched an online petition calling for the Britain government to "arrive illegal for a company to require women to wear high heels at work".^[36] Two parliamentary committees in Jan 2017 decided that Portico had broken the law, just by this time the company had already changed its terms of employment.^{[37] [38]} The petition was rejected past the government in April 2017 as they stated that existing legislation was "adequate".^[39] Existing legislation in the Britain allows women to be required to wear high heels, only only if it is considered a job requirement and men in the same chore are required to dress to an "equivalent level of smartness".^[40]

In April 2017 the Canadian province of British Columbia amended workplace legislation to forestall employers from requiring women to wearable high heels at piece of work.^[41] Other Canadian provinces followed adapt.^[42]

The Philippines forbade companies from mandating that female person employees vesture loftier heels at work in September 2017.^[43]

The #KuToo entrada in Japan collected over 150,000 signatures on a petition^[44] for a ban on mandatory high heels. The government said that they had no plans to modify.^[45] Japan'due south labor minister commented that high heels are "necessary and appropriate" for women.^[46]

Feminism [edit]

Loftier heels tin can accept the upshot of sexualizing the wearer.

In the West, high heeled shoes are often regarded as an emblem of femininity, and thus have been the subject of analysis by Feminist authors. Some accept argued that "high-heeled shoes, perhaps more than any other item of vesture, are seen every bit the ultimate symbol of being a adult female."^[18] Mod high heels with thin and long heels ofttimes serve to emphasize the wearer's arched back and extended buttocks. This "natural courting pose" has sometimes been analyzed as a grade of objectification in service of the male gaze.^[9]

Some Feminist scholars have argued that men'due south views on the culture of high heels are problematic: A sizable proportion of men regard the cultural expectation for women in professional environments to wear high heels as elementary.^[47] However, it has not been popular for men to wear alpine and thin high heels since the belatedly 17th century.^[x] Thus, since some women written report that high heels are often painful to walk in,^[ane] and unremarkably result in negative side effects to joints and veins later on prolonged use,^[8] many accept argued that information technology is unreasonable of men to support such a cultural norm.

At the feminist Miss America protest in 1968, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "freedom trash can." These included high heels,^[48] which were among items the protestors called "instruments of female torture"^[49] and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced femininity.

In 2015, a grouping of women were turned away from a motion picture premiere at the Cannes Film Festival in France for wearing flat shoes, including a woman physically unable to wear heels due to an operation on ane of her feet.^[50] The women complained that the policy of the festival on women'south footwear was unjust. Festival organizers later responded that there was no official policy on footwear and stated that they would remind reddish-carpet officials of this.^{[15] [51]}

Dress codes [edit]

Some dress codes require women to wear high heels, and some medical organizations have called for a ban on such clothes codes.^[half-dozen] There have been many protests by women workers confronting such policies. Laws regarding wearing apparel codes that crave women to wear high heels in the workplace vary.

A Mile in Her Shoes [edit]

A Mile in Her Shoes: men walk a mile in high heels to support domestic violence victims

A Mile in Her Shoes is an annual march in which men wear red loftier heels and walk a mile to protest domestic violence. Some academics^{[ who? ]} accept suggested that past wearing loftier heels for such a brief period and making a point of acting like they practice non know how to walk properly, these men reinforce the stereotype that just women can or should wear loftier heels.^[52]

Children [edit]

High heels are marketed to children, and some schools encourage children to wear them.^{[half dozen]} xviii% of injuries from wearing high heels were in children, and 4% in under-tens, in a 2002–2012 The states survey.^[6] A 2016 medical review on high-heeled shoes expressed concern about children's utilise of high heels.^[6] A ix-year-former is virtually half an developed's height, and a toddler most a quarter; so, relative to body summit, a 2-inch (5  cm) heel on an adult would be a one-inch heel on the ix-year-sometime, and a half-inch heel on the toddler,^[31] though whether this translates to comparable health harms is not known.^[6]

Dancing [edit]

Styles of dance that use heels [edit]

Standard ballroom tango shoes

Many styles of dance are performed in heels. Ballroom dancing shoes are specific to the dance way being performed. International Standard ballroom shoes for women are closed-toed shoes with a sturdy 2-to-two.5-inch heel because steps are performed using the foot's heel.^[53] International Latin and American Rhythm shoes are open-toed, strapped heels that are an average of 2.5 to 3 inches in height. These shoes have the least sturdy heel considering International Latin and American Rhythm styles are performed on the ball of the pes. This style of shoe is designed with a flexible sole to allow pointed feet. Lastly, American Polish shoes are closed-toed, flexible-soled shoes that range in heel height from 2 to two.5 inches.

A not-traditional ballroom dance that uses heels is the Argentine tango. While dancing the Argentine tango, women ofttimes clothing pointed heels ranging in meridian from 2 to 4 inches.^[26] More avant-garde dancers typically choose higher heels. The heels can have a significant impact on the posture of a dancer by tilting the pelvis and making the buttocks more prominent, forcing the abdomen in and pushing the breasts out.^[54] They can too cause instability as they force women to trip the light fantastic on their toes and lean on their partner, which adds to the fluidity of the movements.

A modernistic mode of trip the light fantastic toe called heels choreography or stiletto dance specializes in choreography that blends the styles of jazz, hip-hop and burlesque with the fusion of faddy movements and is performed using stilettos or high heels.^[55] Dancers such as Yanis Marshall specialize in dancing with high heels.^[56]

Injuries [edit]

Some trip the light fantastic-related injuries are attributable to the use of heels. In particular, shoes with a narrow space for the toes can clasp tightly enough to crusade foot deformity.^[57] Dancers can add cushioning to the soles of their dancing shoes or inserts to ease the hurting during dancing.^[26]

Meet also [edit]

• Desert boots
• Fashion boots
• Foot bounden
• Pointed shoe (disambiguation)
• Riding boots
• Thigh-loftier boots
• Ballet boot
• Cowboy boot
• Elevator shoes
• Fuck-me shoes
• High heel policy
• Insolia
• Locomotor effects of shoes
• Platform boots
• Removable heel
• Stiletto heel
• Wedge heel

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

• Bata Shoe Museum
• High Heel Shoe museum
• "How to Wear High Heels"—Cosmopolitan

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